Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Anna Tobia
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer
White Collar Crime
Winona State University and Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Anna graduated from Winona State University with a degree in Law and Society. She then went on to pursue her degree in Paralegal Studies and began working as a litigation secretary. After working in the legal field for 2 years, she went on to pursue her law degree.
Anna obtained her law degree from Mitchell Hamline School of Law. During law school, Anna clerked as a certified student attorney for the Washington County Public Defender's Office where she represented clients in bail hearings. After she left Washington County, Anna spent her final year of law school as a law clerk at...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Christa J. Groshek
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
White Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
Christa Groshek has excellent experience litigating cases to both judges and juries. She has an exceptional trial record, even getting some cases dismissed on constitutional grounds before trial. She has developed a solid reputation as a Minnesota trial attorney for successfully defending clients against a wide range of charges in criminal court.
Christa Groshek graduated Cum Laude from William Mitchell College of Law. During law school, Christa was a law clerk for the Washington County Public Defender's Office where she received her first criminal defense experience.
Christa later took a position as the law clerk for the Honorable Thomas Armstrong, Washington County...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Maury Beaulier
Chaska, MN Lawyer with 34 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness
Hamline University School of Law
Maury D. Beaulier, Esq., was raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Prior to his legal career, he worked as an intern for Congressman Les Aspin, head of the Armed Service Committee of Congress and later appointed as the United State's Secretary of Defense. Mr. Beaulier's primary area of practice is criminal defense where he has been lauded as professional and aggressive often leading to favorable resolutions of client matters without a trial.
In his criminal defense practice, Mr. Beaulier has worked on several high profile homicide cases, successfully seeking the early release of an inmate convicted of murder. ...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rajin Singh Olson
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Business, IP, Patents and Trademarks
University of Minnesota Law School
Rajin is a partner in Thompson Hine's Intellectual Property & Technology Litigation group. He focuses his practice on intellectual property litigation, including patent, trade secret, copyright, and licensing disputes. He is dedicated to securing practical, business-driven solutions for clients, whether through strategic negotiation, litigation or trial advocacy. He has represented both plaintiffs and defendants in high-stakes technology disputes involving some of the world’s largest companies.
His experience spans a broad spectrum of technologies, including mobile communications, semiconductors, IT network management, video streaming, speech coding, and software. As a registered patent attorney, he also handles inter partes review proceedings before the Patent...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Matthew J. Mankey
Golden Valley, MN Attorney with 33 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
Attorney Matthew J. Mankey consistently produces positive outcomes through diligent preparation, open communication and a thorough knowledge of the law. Our team understands the nuances and key points that can turn cases around. We will use expert investigators and independent laboratories to conduct our own tests, collect our own evidence and take a number of other important steps to bolster your defense.
We push the government to prove every aspect of its case. We demand complete disclosure, and we receive the utmost respect from prosecutors and investigators because of the strong reputation we have earned over the years. When we do...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Joshua Franklin
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationBusiness, Securities, Tax and White Collar Crime
Mitchell Hamline School of Law
From low-income families, to high net-worth individuals and small/medium sized businesses, Attorney Franklin prides himself in providing the same high-quality representation to all clients.
Having practiced at both AM100 law firms, boutique law firms and working at various states Attorney's Offices, Mr. Franklin confidently addresses the complex aspects of all legal affairs. Additionally, Attorney Franklin deeply understands the relation between client’s corporate, investment, and entrepreneurial interests when assisting clients with legal strategy.
As a leader and educator, regularly contributes to industry discussions, participates in regulatory initiatives, and advocates for favorable legal frameworks that promote fairness and justice. Individuals, business...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kelly Lawton Rogosheske
Saint Paul, MN Lawyer with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationArbitration & Mediation and Bankruptcy
Hamline University School of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jay Carey
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 24 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Washington University in St. Louis
I devote my practice to the aggressive, thorough representation of clients charged with DWI and other crimes in Minnesota. Minnesota's DWI laws have become increasingly complex. The interplay between criminal and civil penalties (loss of driving privileges, license plate impoundment, and vehicle forfeiture) often require an experienced advocate to protect one's interests. I offer all prospective clients a free, in-depth consultation. If you've been charged with DWI or other offense, you're welcome to call me anytime to discuss whether you need, and can benefit from, a private attorney. I charge fixed, reasonable fees that...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Chad Reichwald
Bloomington, MN Attorney with 17 years of experience
(612) 843-2353
3800 American Boulevard West
Suite 1500
Bloomington, MN 55413
Bankruptcy
William Mitchell College of Law
Chad fights skillfully and energetically for his clients. He brings his expertise and passion to bear on every case, defending every client and working every angle.
Chad is a member of the Minnesota bar and the Federal bar, and addition to his legal expertise, he is experienced in finance, banking, and marketing.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Chris Kradle
Edina, MN Lawyer
Free ConsultationBusiness
Marquette University
Minnesota and Wisconsin licensed attorney specializing in Elder Law, Estate Planning, Probate, Trust Administration, and Business Formation. I understand that each client is unique and requires a personalized touch to every endeavor. I pride myself on providing exceptional service to get the best possible outcome.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Richard M. Schreiber
Inver Grove Heights, MN Lawyer with 28 years of experience
(651) 554-0121
5826 Blackshire Path Suite 108
Inver Grove Heights, MN 55076
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
University of North Dakota School of Law
Richard Schreiber has been practicing bankruptcy law for over 20 years. He is a member of the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys, and has an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau. Call or email for a free consultation.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Martin S. Azarian
Eden Prairie, MN Lawyer with 36 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Aggressive and Experienced Criminal Defense Attorney with more than 20 years of Criminal/DWI/Courtroom experience. Excellent track record of having felony, gross misdemeanor and misdemeanor charges dismissed or reduced. Strong emphasis in the areas of criminal law, DWI, Shoplifting/Theft Cases, Domestic Assault, Felony Cases, Drug Possession and Sale Cases, Felony and Misdemeanor Domestic Assault Cases.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Bray Dohrwardt
St Louis Park, MN Lawyer with 23 years of experience
(952) 260-1426
5775 Wayzata Blvd
Suite 700-9014
St Louis Park, MN 55416
Free ConsultationBusiness
William Mitchell College of Law
Bray Dohrwardt is an accomplished attorney with decades of experience representing businesses from start-ups to International Fortune 100 companies. He started his career in one of the Midwest's oldest and largest law firms and spent several years as a business litigator. Eventually, Bray focused his practice on business law and energy law. Bray spent fifteen years leading a large in-house legal, regulatory, and compliance team for one of North America's largest energy companies. Bray has built an impressive career, enabling business growth and commercial success for many startups, private and public organizations, and nonprofits.
Bray's passion is partnering with business leaders...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Robert Lawton
Saint Paul, MN Attorney with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness and Real Estate
Hamline University School of Law
Rob is an experienced estate planning attorney, and provides free consulations on all files to evaluate a client's situation and explore what he can offer. He is a leader in the Minneapolis-St. Paul estate planning community, eduating other attorneys in the areas of estate planning, probate and trusts. He provides simple wills at low cost for clients with modest estates, and more sophisticated planning involving estate tax savings techniques and business sucession for wealthier clients.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Patrick L. Cotter
South St. Paul, MN Lawyer with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
As a recognized trial attorney in the Twin Cities and across the State of Minnesota, Mr. Cotter achieves results for his clients. Focusing on criminal law and injury law, Mr. Cotter does whatever it takes to win these life-changing cases for his clients. As a former prosecuting attorney for the cities of Eagan, Burnsville and Mendota Heights, Mr. Cotter litigated hundreds of cases. Mr. Cotters peers have consistently nominated him as a "Rising Star" and "Super Lawyer" attorney, an honor bestowed on only 2.5% of attorneys. Mr. Cotter is certified as a specialist in criminal law...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Ronald M. Otten
Eden Prairie, MN Lawyer with 41 years of experience
(612) 562-8135
6385 Old Shady Oak Road
Suite 250
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Free ConsultationReal Estate and Tax
Dedicated to providing clients with quality service, drawing on over three decades of experience in estate planning and related practice areas.
Ronald M. Otten practices in the areas of estate planning, probate, trust administration, business succession planning, charitable giving, medicaid planning and real estate. Since these practice areas have many sub-categories that cross over into other practice areas, he works closely with other firm attorneys to meet the legal needs of our clients.
Ron has a strong belief in client service. His experience, spanning more than three decades, ranges from the representation of individual clients in simple estate planning matters to the...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Walter George Lehmann
St. Paul, MN Lawyer with 32 years of experience
Free ConsultationEntertainment & Sports, IP and Trademarks
The George Washington University Law School and William Mitchell College of Law
Walter G. Lehmann is managing partner of the art, entertainment and museum law firm LEHMANN PLC (formerly Lehmann Strobel PC). An attorney and business consultant for over 25 years, he has focused on helping individuals, businesses and nonprofit organizations manage their intellectual property assets.
He has represented independent producers, artists, writers, as well as museums and nonprofit arts and cultural organizations on a wide range of legal and business matters including business organization, financing, intellectual property management, board governance, nonprofit administration, and museum collections management, policies and ethics.
Lehmann’s education includes a BA in English (Williams College)...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Daniel Reiff
Minnetonka, MN Lawyer
Business and Real Estate
Hamline University School of Law
I can spend all kinds of time talking about my background and credentials, like how I graduated summa cum laude from law school, did a prestigious clerkship, and have 15 years of legal experience. But you know what? That's probably not what you want to hear about. You want to know how I can help you.
Here's how I can help you. I help you become a better parent, a better spouse, or a better business owner. I approach my work, not primarily through the lens of a lawyer, but through the lens of one who has personally had to use...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Melvin R. Welch
St. Paul, MN Lawyer with 17 years of experience
(612) 741-3272
First National Bank Building
332 Minnesota Street, Suite W-1610
St. Paul, MN 55101
Appeals and White Collar Crime
University of Minnesota Law School
Melvin R. Welch was born and raised in a small farm town in Minnesota. Following graduation, Melvin attended college at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, before joining the United States Navy in 1996. As a sailor, Melvin learned Russian and served aboard submarines. During his time in service, Melvin finished college and then worked as a translator in the NATO peacekeeping mission to Kosovo, translating for the United States Army and the Russian 13th Tactical Group in Kamenica, Kosovo.
Melvin R. Welch attended the University of Minnesota Law School and graduated in 2007. Melvin's first employ was with...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Randall Ryder
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationConsumer
University of Minnesota Law School, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities and William Mitchell College of Law
I sue debt collectors who harass and abuse consumers, violate consumers rights, and invade consumers privacy. I also help consumers with student loan issues---from collection calls to figuring out your best repayment options. I also defend consumers who have been sued by debt collectors, debt buyers, and original creditors.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Carl E. Christensen
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 19 years of experience
(612) 473-1200
305 North Fifth Avenue
Suite 375
Minneapolis, MN 55401-7541
Free ConsultationAppeals, Communications, IP and Real Estate
William Mitchell College of Law
Carl Christensen founded Christensen Sampel PLLC. Previous to that he clerked for the Honorable Kenneth Sandvik in the Sixth Judicial District, Lake and Cook Counties and had a short stint as a prosecutor in outstate Minnesota. Carl's scholarship includes multiple presentations and publications on foreclosure, collection, and consumer law. As a student, Carl also contributed to various textbooks on intellectual property and domain name law. He acquired his extensive knowledge of intellectual property and domain name law while a student law clerk at the National Arbitration Forum, a ICANN-designated domain name dispute resolution provider. While in law school, Carl's...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Derek Archambault
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota School of Law
After 15 years of experience working as a prosecutor, I've made the switch to criminal defense because I want to use my skills to help people. I've handled tens of thousands of criminal cases of every kind, and I truly believe I have the skills to help people and make a difference. My goal is to craft a unique and personalized approach to defending every case. Every case and every client are different, with different circumstances, and they should be treated that way.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Robert Shainess
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 21 years of experience
Free ConsultationReal Estate
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
Rob Shainess is a trial lawyer with a particular focus on resolving real estate, construction, and business disputes. Rob’s clients range from individual property owners to national banks, and everyone in between. Rob is proud to have been named a Rising Star each year from 2012-2017 by Super Lawyers Magazine.
Before founding Capstone Law, Rob spent seven years as a real estate and construction litigator with one of Minnesota’s largest elite law firms. In 2011, Rob set out to start his own firm, believing that he could offer his clients better value if he shed the bloat associated with large firms.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Mr. Bruce Michael Rivers
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 27 years of experience
(612) 339-3939
701 Building Suite 300
701 Fourth Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Free ConsultationBusiness and White Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Beth E. Bertelson
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 38 years of experience
Arbitration & Mediation and Employment
William Mitchell College of Law
Beth E. Bertelson is the founder of Bertelson Law Offices, P.A., located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Focusing her practice on labor and employment law, she represents employees in the Twin Cities metropolitan area and throughout Minnesota in litigation and pre-litigation negotiations in matters involving severance, employment and noncompete agreements, and related issues. Certified as a specialist in labor and employment law by the Minnesota State Bar Association, Ms. Bertelson also mediates employment disputes and has been designated as a "qualified neutral" under Rule 114 of the Minnesota General Rules of Practice for the District Courts. She also assists clients in a...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephen Fields
Minnetonka, MN Lawyer
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Steve Fields founded Fields Law Firm in 2001 and quickly established a reputation with his Personal Injury clients for being a lawyer who truly cares. After more than 20 years, those clients continue to refer their friends and family whenever they have been injured or become disabled.
Fields Law currently handles cases for Personal Injury, Workers’ Compensation, Long Term Disability, Social Security Disability and Consumer Rights and has grown to be one of the largest injury and disability law firms in the nation.
Together with his experienced team of legal professionals, Steve ensures clients win their case, maximize their recovery...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
Susanne Eltamimi
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 14 years of experience
Immigration
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
Susanne Gad is a renowned advocate for vulnerable and marginalized groups. After a successful, decade-long career as an attorney for the United Nations, Susanne's sister decided to join forces with her sister Sarah and crusade for justice. Susanne is among the most sought-after immigration advocates in the country due to her exceptional track record of success when it comes to asylum status, identifying paths to citizenship, and appealing cases lost by other immigration and human rights attorneys. In fact, a large number of Susanne's immigration clients turned to her in order to fix mistakes caused by their previous immigration...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Jeffrey Robert Domingues
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationBusiness, Consumer and Real Estate
University of Minnesota Law School
I am an associate attorney with the law firm Burns & Hansen P.A. based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. I primarily practice in the areas of real estate law, contract matters, and civil litigation.
I have significant experience addressing landlord-tenant disputes, including evictions, rent escrow matters, illegal activity provisions, and local and state ordinance violations. In civil matters I specialize in cases involving breaches of contract, property disputes, and building contractor cases.
I approach my cases with a strategy specifically tailed my clients' circumstances. I am willing and able to advocate for my client's needs, be that by negotiating settlements or...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kelsey B Quarberg
Minnetonka, MN Attorney with 8 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Business
Hamline University School of Law
Kelsey focuses her practice on all things bankruptcy. As part of the Bankruptcy & Financial Restructuring team, she represents a combination of Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy debtors, Chapter 7 trustees, and clients facing bankruptcy litigation. Kelsey has helped over 1,000 Minnesotans successfully file for Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy relief. Prior to joining Morrison Sund, Kelsey was a shareholder at Kain & Scott, P.A., which is one of Minnesota’s largest bankruptcy law firms.
Kelsey is also a small business owner, opening a restaurant in 2014 which remains open today. Through her own business ownership experience, and years of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael Scully
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 28 years of experience
Workers' Comp
Hamline University School of Law
As a partner at SiebenCarey, Mike has earned a reputation for being a strong advocate for the rights of injured workers. He has achieved success in the areas of workers' compensation, personal injury, and auto accident insurance litigation.
Mike graduated from Hamline University School of Law after working for more than 15 years with government, nonprofit and education organizations. Mike was admitted to the Minnesota State Bar in 1997, the Federal District Court in 2004, and is qualified as a mediator by the Minnesota Supreme Court.
Every year since 2014, Mike has been selected as a Minnesota Super...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rebecca Bell
Golden Valley, MN Attorney with 37 years of experience
Free ConsultationWilliam Mitchell College of Law
We are a team that cares about our clients. We handle Probate and Trust Administration, we draft Wills & Trusts, we create Health Care Directives and Powers of Attorney. Our focus is on you, helping you protect your family, and everything you love and have worked for. Wills, Trust, Health Care Directive, Powers of Attorney. We protect your assets, including your Pets. We also manage Probates and Estate Administration.
Rebecca speaks on Estate Planning to a variety of local and national groups, and is is also a national speaker in the area of Equine Law.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Zane Umsted
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 9 years of experience
Employment
University of Iowa
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Nicholas N Sperling
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 14 years of experience
(612) 455-0500
8000 Flour Exchange Building, 310 Fourth Avenue So
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Free ConsultationArbitration & Mediation, Business, Communications and Real Estate
Hamline University School of Law
Nick Sperling has over a decade of experience in business litigation and transactions, nonprofit law, real estate litigation and transactions, and technology/IT law. Nick takes a pragmatic approach to legal representation and focuses on obtaining the best possible results for his clients.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Brendan Cummins
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
(612) 465-0108
920 Second Avenue South
Suite 1245
Minneapolis, MN 55402
Employment
Brendan leads the firm’s labor law practice. He has handled numerous judicial, administative, and arbitration proceedings, including many high-profile appellate cases. Brendan also has drafted legislation and policies adopted by State and Local governments, and he routinely develops cutting-edge organizing strategies for the firm’s union clients.
Brendan has served on the Governing Council of the Minnesota State Bar Association’s Labor & Employment Law Section. He also has taught at Northwestern University School of Law, the University of Minnesota Law School, and William Mitchell College of Law. In addition, Brendan has published articles in the American Bar Association Journal of Labor &...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Paul Rogosheske
South St Paul, MN Attorney
Attorney Paul W. Rogosheske received his Bachelor of Arts from Hamline University, graduating cum laude. He earned his J.D. from William Mitchell College of Law. Paul focuses on criminal defense and also handles personal injury cases. Whether he is helping an individual accused of a crime or injured in an accident, he provides the legal representation his clients deserve and the zealous advocacy they need. Paul was included in Minnesota Law and Politics’s list of “One of the Top 40 Criminal Defense Attorneys” from 2007 to 2010. He works tirelessly to seek favorable results for his clients.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Creig Andreasen
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 20 years of experience
(612) 336-9316
920 Second Avenue South
Suite 1000
Minneapolis, MN 55402
Business and Real Estate
William Mitchell College of Law
I'm Creig Andreasen, an attorney based in Minneapolis, working at Avisen Legal, P.A., where I focus on real estate and banking law. My career started in residential real estate, which provided me with a solid foundation in guiding clients through intricate processes, from property purchases to securing financial transactions. My practice primarily involves helping landowners with the acquisition, leasing, selling, or financing of real property, as well as advising financial institutions on due diligence, loan documentation, and managing troubled loans.
I am a Certified Real Property Specialist, a recognition granted by the Minnesota State Bar Association that highlights my extensive knowledge...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Jennifer L. Thompson
Bloomington, MN Attorney with 8 years of experience
(952) 252-8619
8500 Normandale Lake Blvd.
Suite 350
Bloomington, MN 55437
Free ConsultationAppeals
William Mitchell College of Law
Jennifer L. Thompson is a Minnesota child protection attorney whose passion is to provide Family-Centered Advocacy for Every Season of Your Lifetime.SM Some seasons of life are full of joy – like adopting the children of your spouse or those who’ve been in foster care. Others are more stormy – especially when social services gets involved with your own children.
Whether your children have been removed from your home, you or your facility are under investigation by social services, or you are seeking to intervene in the child protection case of someone you care about, JLT’s effective, empathetic experience will help...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jeffrey Paul Larson
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 34 years of experience
(612) 879-8223
J.P. Larson Law Office, LLC
5601 Nicollet Avenue S.
Minneapolis, MN 55419
Immigration
University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law, William Mitchell College of Law and University of Detroit Mercy School of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Pamela Rochlin
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Insurance Claims and Products Liability
University of Minnesota Law School
Pamela Rochlin is a personal injury attorney who is deeply committed to helping injured victims and their families who have been harmed by the wrongdoing of others. She is among the few Minnesota women attorneys who represent injury victims. Pam has worked to maximize recovery for hundreds of individuals through settlement and trial, helping them through a difficult time in their lives. Pam Rochlin handles a variety of cases and injury claims. Practice areas include: -Serious car or truck crashes. -Drunk driving collisions. -Products Liability. -Construction or workplace accidents. -Dog Attacks or...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg Search
Gerard W Mannion
Bloomington, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
University of Wyoming College of Law
Gerard W. Mannion is a criminal defense attorney who cares deeply about the well-being of his clients. With every case he works, Gerard fights tirelessly to ensure that his clients achieve the best outcome possible while establishing lasting connections with everyone involved.
Originally from Billings, Montana, Gerard has legal experience spanning across three states that includes judicial clerkship, federal criminal defense, and civil litigation. Gerard also spent multiple years in the banking and restaurant industries before moving to Minnesota to join the Kans Law Firm.
Gerard earned a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice from Montana State University – Billings before...