Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
V. John Ella
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 30 years of experience
(612) 455-6237
310 Fourth Avenue South
Suite 8000
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Appeals, Business and Employment
University of Minnesota Law School
I am a Minnesota employment law attorney (V. John Ella) practicing in the areas of employment defense, executive law, non-compete and trade secret litigation, breach of duty of loyalty litigation, tortious interference, executive compensation, stock options, defamation, employment contracts, employment agreements, handbooks, drug testing law, privacy law, commission claims, fraud, sexual harassment claims, employment and housing discrimination, ERISA benefits litigation, public accommodations under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act and state law, wage and hour compliance, whistleblower and Sarbanes-Oxley claims, professional licensing issues, appeals, manufacturer sales representative contracts, and closely-held corporation and partnership disputes. I am also...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Matthew Robert Doherty
Plymouth, MN Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Business and Real Estate
Valparaiso University School of Law
Matt is originally from North Dakota, but had connections to the Twin Cities that drew him to the area. While in law school, Matt served on the Executive Board for the Valparaiso University Law Review and clerked for United States Magistrate Judge Christopher Nuechterlein. Prior to joining the firm in 2007, Matt served a one year clerkship for the Honorable Carol Ronning Kapsner at the North Dakota Supreme Court. Matt is a commercial litigator and appellate lawyer with significant client concentrations in construction, real estate, and manufacturing. Matt often takes an “outside general counsel” approach with his clients. He provides...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Bryan R Battina
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 21 years of experience
(612) 455-0505
8000 Flour Exchange Building
310 Fourth Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Appeals, Business, Employment and Real Estate
William Mitchell College of Law
Bryan R. Battina represents businesses and individuals in commercial litigation, real estate litigation, and employment law matters. Bryan, a seasoned litigator and trial attorney, brings passion, tenacity and hard earned wisdom to his advocacy for clients. He is results driven and seeks to efficiently and effectively resolve disputes for his clients. After graduating from William Mitchell College of Law, Bryan worked as an associate in-house counsel with the Beltmann Group Incorporated before becoming a sole practitioner to pursue his passion for trial work. Bryan co-founded Bock & Battina, LLP and later founded Battina Law, PLLC before joining Trepanier MacGillis...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Katelyn Bounds
Coon Rapids, MN Lawyer
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Katelyn Bounds has dedicated her practice to workers' compensation litigation as well as short term and long term disability disputes. She has experience representing injured employees in mediation, administrative conferences, hearings before a Compensation Judge and the Minnesota Supreme Court. She also focuses a portion of her practice on representing employees in ERISA and non-ERISA private disability appeals. Katelyn enjoys connecting with her clients and advocating for the benefits they deserve. She finds a collaborative approach and open communication keys to effective representation.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gerald Bosch
St Paul, MN Attorney with 32 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
William Mitchell College of Law
Gerald Bosch has been representing injured workers in Minnesota for over two decades. He has been selected six times for the Minnesota Super Lawyers award.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Wesley Scott
Maple Grove, MN Lawyer with 28 years of experience
Free ConsultationWilliam Mitchell College of Law
Since i've began my career as a MN Bankruptcy Attorney i've strived to provide the most professional, kind and helpful Chapter 7 & 13 Bankruptcy Service in the state of Minnesota. I have helped thousands of clients free themselves from the financial burdens and stress of overwhelming debt. When you meet with me i won't judge you, i will help you get your life back. Contact me today at one of my 7 convenient MN locations for a free consultation and i will get you get on the road to a debt-free life quickly and easily!
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Samuel R Dalluge
Maple Grove, MN Attorney
(763) 245-3715
6481 Sycamore Court North
Suite 2
Maple Grove, MN 55369
Free ConsultationBusiness and Real Estate
Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Samuel R. Dalluge has been a lawyer for over 34 years and practices law in the areas of estate planning, residential and commercial real estate and small businesses. Sam’s primary areas of expertise include drafting of Trusts, Wills, Health Care Directives, Powers of Attorney and Transfer On Death Deeds (TODDS). Sam routinely advises clients with estate planning advice and advises personal administrators (executors) in formal and informal probate proceedings including contested and uncontested proceedings. In addition to estate planning and probate law, Sam also provides the routine daily advice that small businesses require as well as represents individuals...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephen Quanrud
Coon Rapids, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
University of Minnesota Law School
Stephen is passionate about preventing his clients from being taken advantage of by large insurance companies. Workers' compensation is not a handout or welfare - it is the result of a compromise whereby employers avoid paying multi-million-dollar judgments due to negligence. Stephen takes his clients' entitlement to these benefits very seriously. He takes the time to understand each client's situation, present their options, and move forward with the client's best interests and wishes in mind.
In addition to Workers' Compensation and Long Term Disability, Stephen has a strong background in employment law, employee benefits, health law, and insurance. Because his clients...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Christa J. Groshek
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
White Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
Christa Groshek has excellent experience litigating cases to both judges and juries. She has an exceptional trial record, even getting some cases dismissed on constitutional grounds before trial. She has developed a solid reputation as a Minnesota trial attorney for successfully defending clients against a wide range of charges in criminal court.
Christa Groshek graduated Cum Laude from William Mitchell College of Law. During law school, Christa was a law clerk for the Washington County Public Defender's Office where she received her first criminal defense experience.
Christa later took a position as the law clerk for the Honorable Thomas Armstrong, Washington County...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Katherine Joseph Claffey
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
White Collar Crime
Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Attending the University of Minnesota, Duluth, Katherine was immediately drawn to the field of criminal justice. After obtaining her Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, Katherine set her mind on becoming an attorney.
Wasting no time, Katherine obtained her law degree from the Mitchell Hamline School of Law. While in law school, Katherine became intrigued with the various aspects of criminal law and the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. She gained valuable knowledge and experience as a certified student attorney at the Anoka Public Defender's Office where she represented clients with misdemeanor and gross...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael Sheridan
Anoka, MN Attorney with 16 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
William Mitchell College of Law
Mike is an attorney with Atlas Law Firm. Mike is an experienced bankruptcy attorney having honed his skill at one of the largest bankruptcy law firms in Minnesota. Mike is able to provide his clients with much more one-on-one attention than attorneys at large firms with hundreds of clients. Mike assists his clients in deciding if bankruptcy is the best remedy for their debt problems, and if so, what chapter of bankruptcy best suits their needs and goals. Prior to helping people file bankruptcy, Mike worked for two Chapter 7 Trustees. He has broad experience assisting individuals and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Melvin R. Welch
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 17 years of experience
(612) 741-3272
250 Second Avenue South
Suite 205
Minneapolis, MN 55401
Appeals and White Collar Crime
University of Minnesota Law School
Melvin R. Welch was born and raised in a small farm town in Minnesota. Following graduation, Melvin attended college at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, before joining the United States Navy in 1996. As a sailor, Melvin learned Russian and served aboard submarines. During his time in service, Melvin finished college and then worked as a translator in the NATO peacekeeping mission to Kosovo, translating for the United States Army and the Russian 13th Tactical Group in Kamenica, Kosovo.
Melvin R. Welch attended the University of Minnesota Law School and graduated in 2007. Melvin's first employ was with...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Faison T. Sessoms
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 47 years of experience
White Collar Crime
Drake University Law School
I graduated from law school in 1977 and was a prosecutor for the next five years. Since 1982, I have practiced exclusively in the area of criminal and DWI defense. I was the 1998-99 President of the Minnesota Society for Criminal Justice. I am a member of the National Association for Criminal Defense Lawyers and have been elected to the National College for DWI Defense. I currently serve on the Board of Directors of the Minnesota Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. I am the 2013-14 President of the MACDL and I also serve as the chairman of the MACDL...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Anna Tobia
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer
White Collar Crime
Winona State University and Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Anna graduated from Winona State University with a degree in Law and Society. She then went on to pursue her degree in Paralegal Studies and began working as a litigation secretary. After working in the legal field for 2 years, she went on to pursue her law degree.
Anna obtained her law degree from Mitchell Hamline School of Law. During law school, Anna clerked as a certified student attorney for the Washington County Public Defender's Office where she represented clients in bail hearings. After she left Washington County, Anna spent her final year of law school as a law clerk at...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Jeffrey Robert Domingues
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationBusiness, Consumer and Real Estate
University of Minnesota Law School
I am an associate attorney with the law firm Burns & Hansen P.A. based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota. I primarily practice in the areas of real estate law, contract matters, and civil litigation.
I have significant experience addressing landlord-tenant disputes, including evictions, rent escrow matters, illegal activity provisions, and local and state ordinance violations. In civil matters I specialize in cases involving breaches of contract, property disputes, and building contractor cases.
I approach my cases with a strategy specifically tailed my clients' circumstances. I am willing and able to advocate for my client's needs, be that by negotiating settlements or...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael Scully
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 28 years of experience
Workers' Comp
Hamline University School of Law
As a partner at SiebenCarey, Mike has earned a reputation for being a strong advocate for the rights of injured workers. He has achieved success in the areas of workers' compensation, personal injury, and auto accident insurance litigation.
Mike graduated from Hamline University School of Law after working for more than 15 years with government, nonprofit and education organizations. Mike was admitted to the Minnesota State Bar in 1997, the Federal District Court in 2004, and is qualified as a mediator by the Minnesota Supreme Court.
Every year since 2014, Mike has been selected as a Minnesota Super...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Brendan Cummins
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
(612) 465-0108
920 Second Avenue South
Suite 1245
Minneapolis, MN 55402
Employment
Brendan leads the firm’s labor law practice. He has handled numerous judicial, administative, and arbitration proceedings, including many high-profile appellate cases. Brendan also has drafted legislation and policies adopted by State and Local governments, and he routinely develops cutting-edge organizing strategies for the firm’s union clients.
Brendan has served on the Governing Council of the Minnesota State Bar Association’s Labor & Employment Law Section. He also has taught at Northwestern University School of Law, the University of Minnesota Law School, and William Mitchell College of Law. In addition, Brendan has published articles in the American Bar Association Journal of Labor &...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Creig Andreasen
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 20 years of experience
(612) 336-9316
920 Second Avenue South
Suite 1000
Minneapolis, MN 55402
Business and Real Estate
William Mitchell College of Law
I'm Creig Andreasen, an attorney based in Minneapolis, working at Avisen Legal, P.A., where I focus on real estate and banking law. My career started in residential real estate, which provided me with a solid foundation in guiding clients through intricate processes, from property purchases to securing financial transactions. My practice primarily involves helping landowners with the acquisition, leasing, selling, or financing of real property, as well as advising financial institutions on due diligence, loan documentation, and managing troubled loans.
I am a Certified Real Property Specialist, a recognition granted by the Minnesota State Bar Association that highlights my extensive knowledge...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Becky Moshier
St Paul, MN Attorney with 34 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
William Mitchell College of Law
Becky A. Moshier, Attorney at Law is an experienced bankruptcy lawyer with over 32 years experience.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Kristen Bullock
Saint Paul, MN Lawyer with 14 years of experience
Appeals and Business
William Mitchell College of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephen Fields
Minnetonka, MN Lawyer
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Steve Fields founded Fields Law Firm in 2001 and quickly established a reputation with his Personal Injury clients for being a lawyer who truly cares. After more than 20 years, those clients continue to refer their friends and family whenever they have been injured or become disabled.
Fields Law currently handles cases for Personal Injury, Workers’ Compensation, Long Term Disability, Social Security Disability and Consumer Rights and has grown to be one of the largest injury and disability law firms in the nation.
Together with his experienced team of legal professionals, Steve ensures clients win their case, maximize their recovery...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Lisa Temich Kaiser
St Paul, MN Lawyer
Immigration
William Mitchell College of Law
Lisa is an attorney who helps individuals and families apply for immigration benefits, defend themselves in immigration court, and protect their families. Lisa speaks both English and Spanish. Her background in immigration law allows her to understand the sensitivities and provide clients with competent representation. Lisa understands the complexities of immigration law.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
John Meyer
Saint Paul, MN Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Free ConsultationWilliam Mitchell College of Law
Founder and Attorney John Meyer found his passion while deployed with the Minnesota Army National Guard in 2011. Working with unemployed soldiers before returning home, John worked hard to help those who wished to start their own businesses chart a path toward success. He carried that passion and focus from the sands of Kuwait and Iraq, through law school, into private practice.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kelly Keegan
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 18 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
University of Minnesota Law School
Kelly J. Keegan has been lead defense counsel on hundreds of cases of all types and levels, ranging from serious felonies to minor traffic offenses. Additionally, Kelly handles post-conviction matters such as expungement, probation violations, Department of Human Services background study disqualifications, reinstatement of the right to possess firearms, and sentence modification motions. She has represented clients under investigation prior to being formally charged, as well as clients facing grand jury indictment. Kelly is admitted to practice in Minnesota State Court as well as Federal United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. She enjoys working in the courtroom...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Robert Shainess
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 21 years of experience
Free ConsultationReal Estate
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
Rob Shainess is a trial lawyer with a particular focus on resolving real estate, construction, and business disputes. Rob’s clients range from individual property owners to national banks, and everyone in between. Rob is proud to have been named a Rising Star each year from 2012-2017 by Super Lawyers Magazine.
Before founding Capstone Law, Rob spent seven years as a real estate and construction litigator with one of Minnesota’s largest elite law firms. In 2011, Rob set out to start his own firm, believing that he could offer his clients better value if he shed the bloat associated with large firms.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Zane Umsted
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 9 years of experience
Employment
University of Iowa
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Derek Archambault
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota School of Law
After 15 years of experience working as a prosecutor, I've made the switch to criminal defense because I want to use my skills to help people. I've handled tens of thousands of criminal cases of every kind, and I truly believe I have the skills to help people and make a difference. My goal is to craft a unique and personalized approach to defending every case. Every case and every client are different, with different circumstances, and they should be treated that way.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Gordon B. Conn Jr.
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 53 years of experience
Bankruptcy
University of Michigan Law School
Gordon Conn practices primarily in bankruptcy and business litigation, and is board-certified in business bankruptcy by the American Board of Certification. He was counsel of record for Petitioners in Norwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, 485 U.S. 197 (1988), and argued and won that case in the United States Supreme Court. In bankruptcy matters, he represents secured creditors, committees, trustees, and unsecured creditors, and has acted as liquidating agent. In business litigation, he has represented clients in a wide variety of cases, including securities, trade regulation, transportation, insurance, banking, and commercial transactions.
Gordon is an honors graduate of the...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Aaron D. Hall
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 17 years of experience
Business, Employment and IP
William Mitchell College of Law
Top Rated Lawyers in Minnesota, Mpls. St.Paul Magazine The (Real) Power 50, Minnesota Business Magazine Peak Performers, American Academy of Estate Planning Attorneys North Star Lawyer, Minnesota State Bar Association Minnesota Rising Star, Super Lawyers Excellent Rated Attorney, AVVO Ten Outstanding Young Minnesotans, Minnesota Jaycees IRS & Minnesota Department of Revenue registered attorney Minnesota Supreme Court, admitted attorney J.D., cum laude, Mitchell Hamline School of Law B.A., summa cum laude, Concordia University
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Nicholas N Sperling
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 14 years of experience
(612) 455-0500
8000 Flour Exchange Building, 310 Fourth Avenue So
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Free ConsultationArbitration & Mediation, Business, Communications and Real Estate
Hamline University School of Law
Nick Sperling has over a decade of experience in business litigation and transactions, nonprofit law, real estate litigation and transactions, and technology/IT law. Nick takes a pragmatic approach to legal representation and focuses on obtaining the best possible results for his clients.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Beth E. Bertelson
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 38 years of experience
Arbitration & Mediation and Employment
William Mitchell College of Law
Beth E. Bertelson is the founder of Bertelson Law Offices, P.A., located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Focusing her practice on labor and employment law, she represents employees in the Twin Cities metropolitan area and throughout Minnesota in litigation and pre-litigation negotiations in matters involving severance, employment and noncompete agreements, and related issues. Certified as a specialist in labor and employment law by the Minnesota State Bar Association, Ms. Bertelson also mediates employment disputes and has been designated as a "qualified neutral" under Rule 114 of the Minnesota General Rules of Practice for the District Courts. She also assists clients in a...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Carl E. Christensen
Minneapolis, MN Lawyer with 19 years of experience
(612) 473-1200
305 North Fifth Avenue
Suite 375
Minneapolis, MN 55401-7541
Free ConsultationAppeals, Communications, IP and Real Estate
William Mitchell College of Law
Carl Christensen founded Christensen Sampel PLLC. Previous to that he clerked for the Honorable Kenneth Sandvik in the Sixth Judicial District, Lake and Cook Counties and had a short stint as a prosecutor in outstate Minnesota. Carl's scholarship includes multiple presentations and publications on foreclosure, collection, and consumer law. As a student, Carl also contributed to various textbooks on intellectual property and domain name law. He acquired his extensive knowledge of intellectual property and domain name law while a student law clerk at the National Arbitration Forum, a ICANN-designated domain name dispute resolution provider. While in law school, Carl's...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
Susanne Eltamimi
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 14 years of experience
Immigration
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
Susanne Gad is a renowned advocate for vulnerable and marginalized groups. After a successful, decade-long career as an attorney for the United Nations, Susanne's sister decided to join forces with her sister Sarah and crusade for justice. Susanne is among the most sought-after immigration advocates in the country due to her exceptional track record of success when it comes to asylum status, identifying paths to citizenship, and appealing cases lost by other immigration and human rights attorneys. In fact, a large number of Susanne's immigration clients turned to her in order to fix mistakes caused by their previous immigration...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jesse Kibort
Minneapolis, MN Attorney
Free ConsultationAppeals, Business and Consumer
Hamline University
Life presents many legal complications…who will you turn to if you need representation?
At Daniels & Wymore, PLLC we are a full service law firm providing representation to businesses and individuals. Our tremendously experienced and capable team of professionals can help counsel you and your business through any legal matter, whether you are starting a business, and you need us to draft the necessary business documents, or you need litigation representation, or estate planning or you need help defending your home from foreclosure.
It doesn’t matter whether you are an wealthy entrepreneur, the start up business, or the average individual...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rebecca Bell
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 37 years of experience
Minneapolis, MN 55422
Free ConsultationWilliam Mitchell College of Law
We are a team that cares about our clients. We handle Probate and Trust Administration, we draft Wills & Trusts, we create Health Care Directives and Powers of Attorney. Our focus is on you, helping you protect your family, and everything you love and have worked for. Wills, Trust, Health Care Directive, Powers of Attorney. We protect your assets, including your Pets. We also manage Probates and Estate Administration.
Rebecca speaks on Estate Planning to a variety of local and national groups, and is is also a national speaker in the area of Equine Law.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Thomas Hurwitz
New Hope, MN Lawyer with 38 years of experience
Free ConsultationHamline University School of Law
The firm’s founder, Thomas R. Hurwitz has practiced law in multiple areas throughout his career. He is highly respected in the legal community for his work in numerous areas. He was chosen by his peers as a “Super Lawyer” – one of Minnesota’s Best Lawyers.
Mr. Hurwitz is a member of the Minnesota State Bar Association, the Hennepin County Bar Association, and joined the Minnesota Trial Lawyers Association in 1990. Mr. Hurwitz is listed in Who’s Who in Executives and Businesses and the National Registry of Who’s Who for his work as an attorney. Thomas Hurwitz has received numerous commendations...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Donald William Kohler
White Bear Lake, MN Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Hamline University School of Law
I practice in the areas of workers' compensation, personal injury, wrongful death, and estate planning. I am a member of Teamsters Local 638 and a panel attorney for Union Plus Legal Services and UAW. I represent and help injured people obtain just compensation for their injuries. As a former UPS driver who was injured while working, I can know what it's like to suffer a career ending injury.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Todd D. Gardner
Fridley, MN Attorney with 24 years of experience
(763) 574-7522
207 Commerce Park Building
7362 University Avenue NE
Fridley, MN 55432
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
William Mitchell College of Law
Todd Gardner began his professional life as a middle school teacher but opted to go to law school in his mid-twenties. During his time in law school, he clerked in the contracts department at Wells Fargo during the merger with Norwest Bank, clerked for five judges in the Minnesota Office of Administrative Hearings Workers' Compensation Division and interned with a Hennepin County District Court judge. Following law school, he began working in a Minneapolis small firm representing injured workers and injured persons and later experienced representing insurance companies with a medium-sized law firm in St. Paul. In 2002, he...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Mr. Bruce Michael Rivers
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 27 years of experience
(612) 339-3939
701 Building Suite 300
701 Fourth Avenue South
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Free ConsultationBusiness and White Collar Crime
William Mitchell College of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
James Eric Lindell
Minneapolis, MN Attorney with 48 years of experience
Free ConsultationProducts Liability and Workers' Comp
University of Minnesota Law School
Jim Lindell (University of Minnesota, 1977) is a litigator focused on personal injury cases, including product liability, medical malpractice, wrongful death, liquor liability and workers' compensation. He is a certified civil trial specialist and is AV-rated by Martindale-Hubbell. He is past dean of the Academy of Certified Trial Lawyers of Minnesota. Lindell feels his broad work experience prior to law school, including construction, firefighting, teaching, and service in the U.S. Army, allows him to relate well to his clients of highly varied backgrounds. He practices in Wisconsin as well as Minnesota and is a qualified arbitrator and mediator.