Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Anthony William Greco
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness and Real Estate
Capital University
The Law Office of Anthony W. Greco is committed to providing each and every Client with professional, aggressive and practical representation, while being sensitive to the Client’s unique concerns and goals. With more than 20 years of experience as a Columbus Ohio Divorce Attorney and Child Custody Lawyer, our “results driven” firm is equipped with the experience and attitude necessary to deal with each and every issue involved in Divorce, Dissolution, Child Custody, Child Support, Spousal Support, Grandparent Custody or Visitation, as well as all other legal matters involved in any Family Law case. From the financially complex, “high asset”...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Dean Edward Hines
Columbus, OH Attorney with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness and Tax
University of Cincinnati College of Law
Our firm provides representation in regards to: Family Law, Domestic Relations/juvenile matters, Federal and State taxation, and numerous civil related business matters. Our practice areas and philosophy are fully detailed in my website www.deanhines.com. We have offices in Dayton and Columbus, Ohio. Our firm serves all counties in Southwest and Central Ohio. We pride ourselves in providing aggressive and conscientious representation taking into account the needs and goals of our clients. I have a BV rating from Martindale Hubbell which is an attorney rating service in which you are graded by your peers. We are committed...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Steven W. Tigges
New Albany, OH Lawyer with 44 years of experience
Antitrust, Business, Employment and Securities
The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law and The Ohio State University
Steve Tigges is a Partner of Zeiger, Tigges & Little LLP. Mr. Tigges is a seasoned trial attorney who has practiced extensively in the areas of employment, health care, commercial contract, securities, construction, antitrust, and trademark litigation.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Bradley William Miller
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 18 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness
Capital University Law School
I believe that every business should have a trusted legal partner to help ensure its success. I want to be that partner for you and your business. I practice exclusively in the area of business law, focusing on small business M&A and franchisees. I feel this is an underserved group of business owners: too small for the large corporate firms, yet too specialized for the general practitioner. As a small business owner myself, I understand your unique needs and challenges as well as the importance of creativity; as a lawyer that only practices business law, I can provide you...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
William Geary
Columbus, OH Attorney with 45 years of experience
(614) 289-1227
155 W Main St
Suite 101 Waterford Tower
Columbus, OH 43215
Arbitration & Mediation
Ohio Northern University
William L. Geary has been a practicing attorney since 1979. He is a graduate of Ohio Northern University Pettit College of Law, and was the recipient of numerous awards during his time there. Not long after graduation, he founded Law Offices of William L. Geary in Columbus Ohio, and began serving his community as a dedicated divorce and family law attorney.
Mr. Geary has helped countless people through sensitive and emotionally-charged legal matters. He works closely with his clients and works tirelessly to achieve the outcome that will serve their best interests. Due to his dedication, open communication, and record of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Samir Dahman
Columbus, OH Attorney with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness, Immigration, Insurance Claims and International
Ohio State University - Columbus
At Dahman Law, we are passionate about providing exceptional, client-focused legal services. We handle commercial litigation, business law, employment, and estate planning matters across Ohio and Michigan. But what makes Dahman Law different from other law firms is that you will know up front how much you can expect to pay for legal services, instead of wondering how much you will end up being charged at the end. Samir Dahman founded Dahman Law after practicing for years at Ohio's largest law firms. His practice includes commercial litigation, business law, employment, and estate planning. ...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Dennis Vincent Yacobozzi II
Columbus, OH Attorney
Business and Products Liability
Capital University Law School
Dennis Yacobozzi II is a litigation attrorney with almost 20 years of experience. He practices with his spouse, Eleana Drakatos, in the law firm of Yacobozzi Drakatos, LLC. Dennis is a long-time member of the Franklin American Inns of Court, Ohio State Bar Association, and Bexley Chamber of Commerce. Dennis currently serves as Special Counsel to the Ohio Attorney General, where he represents the Ohio Department of Medicaid. Dennis is licensed to practice in Ohio, Arizona, the United States District Courts for the Southern District of Ohio and the United States Court of Appeals...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ABlawg SearchSocial Media
Rebecca Hill
Columbus, OH Attorney
Free ConsultationEmployment
Capital University Law School
As an employment lawyer representing employees throughout Ohio and New York, I believe that successful legal outcomes starts with effective attorney-client communication. I represent clients a wide range of matters, including wage and hour claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and state minimum wage and overtime law; Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) violations; Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) violations; USERRA violations; Title VII discrimination and retaliation claims; sexual harassment; hostile work environment; and severance and employment contract reviews and negotiations. I also provide representation in jury trials, arbitrations, and mediations in front of the Equal Employment Opportunity...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Jami S. Oliver
Dublin, OH Attorney with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims and Products Liability
Ohio State University - Columbus
When Jami Oliver launched her own firm in 2000, she did so with one simple idea in mind: to seek justice for those who have been hurt, injured, or wronged due to the negligence of others. While she’s won numerous awards and accolades in the years since, her philosophy hasn’t changed. If you need an attorney who can advocate for you after an accident, product recall, or other tragedy, the Oliver Law Office should be your first choice.
As one of Ohio’s premier lawyers, Jami has been featured in local and national media. She has also been recognized by her peers...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jeffrey Lewis
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 43 years of experience
Administrative, Business, Insurance Claims and Real Estate
Ohio State University - Columbus
Recipient of the coveted "AV" 5.0 PREEMINENT highest possible rating from Martindale-Hubbell for more than the last 20 years and named by CEO Magazine for the last 15 years as one of Ohio's "Top Lawyers", Mr. Lewis is well known in the Central Ohio business, legal and political communities, and has developed a substantial trial practice in local, state and federal courts in areas as wide-ranging as business, environmental, employment, civil rights, criminal, real estate, creditors' rights, matrimonial/divorce and extraordinary remedies litigation to land use planning/zoning law. Mr. Lewis is a Dean's List graduate of Miami (Ohio) University (1978)...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
James S. Sweeney
Powell, OH Lawyer with 14 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals
Capital University Law School
James S. Sweeney is the founder and managing member of James Sweeney Law, LLC. A native of Central Ohio, James was born in Columbus and grew up in Marysville.
Prior to starting his own practice, James worked at the Franklin County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office. While in law school, he also worked at the Reynoldsburg City Attorney’s Office, where he served as a Prosecutor at the Reynoldsburg Mayor’s Court, and also worked at the Ohio Attorney General’s Office. He formerly served as the Village Solicitor of Alexandria, Ohio.
Prior to attending law school, James lived for several years in...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Edwin Eugene Schottenstein
Columbus, OH Attorney with 60 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
University of Louisville
Ed Schottenstein is a highly skilled and experienced personal injury lawyer in Columbus. For over three decades, he has helped clients throughout Ohio recover compensation for their injuries. If you or someone you love has been injured as a result of someone else’s negligence or misconduct, their legal team can help you too. Ed is has an AV® Preeminent™ Rating from Martindale-Hubbell®, is a member of the Bar Register of Preeminent Lawyers, and is a former judge. As a result, he has a comprehensive understanding of this complex practice areas as well as its related paperwork and procedures. He accepts...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Robert DeRose II
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 33 years of experience
Free ConsultationUniversity of Dayton School of Law
Bob DeRose is the Managing Partner and practices in the Complex Litigation Division of Barkan Meizlish DeRose Wentz McInerney Peifer, LLP and handles wage & hour/overtime issues, consumer protection issues, election/political issues and union side labor matters. Mr. DeRose is a native of Western Pennsylvania and a 1988 graduate of Washington and Jefferson College with a degree in Economics. He is a 1991 graduate of the University of Dayton School of Law, where he was active in workers’ rights issues. Mr. DeRose is the former president of the Workers Injury Law and Advocacy Group (WILG), a national...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Russell Moorhead
Cleveland, OH Attorney with 39 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness, Consumer, Insurance Claims and Real Estate
University of Akron School of Law
I have a wide variety of experience coming from my practice in many different areas of law . I have done everything from drafting deeds for my clients to representing them in adoption cases and working with them while they purchased their first homes. I have handled many cases of many different types over the years some of the very unusual to the common. They were all as important to me as they are important to you. I have had wide experience representing single individuals , married couples, retirees, students, and a large variety of small businesses, restaurants, salons,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
David Nager
Cleveland, OH Lawyer with 34 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Cleveland State University
David was selected as an Ohio Super Lawyer for the years 2012, 2013 & 2014. David E. Nager is the managing partner of Nager, Romaine & Schneiberg Co., L.P.A. He has been in private practice since 1990. His primary areas of practice include workers' compensation, personal injury and medical malpractice. He has successfully argued thousands of cases before every level of the Industrial Commission of Ohio. He has handled hundreds of cases before various courts throughout Ohio. He has successfully argued cases on the State Appellate level, as well. He has obtained compensation for thousands of injury victims totaling tens...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Scott Allan Pullins
Mount Vernon, OH Lawyer with 21 years of experience
Administrative, Appeals, Business and IP
Capital University Law School
Scott Pullins is an Ohio attorney, charter school board member, political consultant, and writer. He provides services to small businesses, individuals, financial entities, and political organizations.
Scott Pullins has advised clients on complex legal, business, marketing and public policy issues. He is also the co-founder of the Ohio Taxpayers Association. He is a charter school board member and a former Chairman of the Knox County Republican Central Committee.
Mr. Pullins attended Ohio University and earned his Bachelors of Arts in Political Science from The Ohio State University. He earned his Juris Doctorate from Capital University Law School.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Matthew Williams
Cleveland, OH Attorney with 11 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and White Collar Crime
Cleveland State University
As an Ohio attorney, I know the legal system is large, complex, and intimidating. I understand that interaction with government agencies is disorienting and the rules are unclear. If you, a family member, or a friend have been arrested, charged with a crime, are the subject of an investigation, or involved in a dispute with the government, it is in the accused person's best interest to obtain legal representation. As an attorney, my job is to defend your interests, freedom, dignity and reputation and to make sure you understand your rights, the process, and the consequences of your...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rhys Brendan Cartwright-Jones
Youngstown, OH Attorney with 21 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and Immigration
Cleveland State University
At the law practice of Rhys Brendan Cartwright-Jones, Attorney & Counselor at Law, Rhys is the founder and principal attorney. As a former prosecutor for Mahoning County, he is intimately familiar with all aspects of criminal law. He knows how prosecutors think and how they will approach cases. He is also highly effective in immigration law as well as civil and criminal appeals. Rhys has a long track record of success for his clients and is committed to getting the best possible outcome in any situation. As a persuasive negotiator and aggressive litigator, he knows how to effectively approach each...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Jay Salamon
Cleveland, OH Attorney with 45 years of experience
Free ConsultationSecurities
Case Western Reserve University
Jay H. Salamon is a Principal at McCarthy Lebit. Mr. Salamon’s practice is primarily concentrated in the area of securities litigation and arbitration. His typical clients are investors who have been injured by the fraud or negligence of stockbrokers, investment advisors, life insurance agents, and other sellers of financial products and services. Mr. Salamon’s arbitration work is nationwide in scope. Mr. Salamon is also the author and regular commentator of stockmarketloss.com, the firm’s comprehensive securities arbitration website and blog.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Meghan Lewallen
Rocky River, OH Lawyer with 11 years of experience
Free ConsultationProducts Liability
Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
Meghan Lewallen is a partner at The Mellino Law Firm. She focuses on medical malpractice and wrongful death claims and has been a dedicated advocate for our clients since 2013. In 2016, and every year since, Meghan was selected as a Super Lawyers Rising Star in medical malpractice. She was also nominated to serve on the Board of Directors of the Cleveland Academy of Trial Attorneys in May of 2019. With rich educational experience and a background in business, Meghan is able to strategize and speak up for her clients. She is passionate about holding those in power responsible for...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Andrew C. Goodwin
Cleveland, OH Lawyer
Free ConsultationBusiness and Real Estate
Harvard Law School
My personal experience as the primary caregiver for my mother, who suffers from dementia, taught me the critical importance of estate planning and elder law. This journey prompted a significant shift in my legal practice, which had previously centered on different transactional law areas. Experiencing the consequences of being unprepared for life's uncertainties firsthand, I am now passionately committed to assisting individuals, families, and businesses with strategic planning. My unwavering dedication to serving my family, clients, and community ensures that their well-being remains my top priority.
Contact Rhodium Law today for a free consultation. We provide bespoke legal solutions to...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Gus M. Shihab
Cleveland, OH Lawyer with 31 years of experience
Immigration
Capital University Law School
AV Rated by Martindale-Hubble
Life Member – Multimillion Dollar Advocates Forum
10.0/10.0 Avvo Rating
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
David B. Levin
Cleveland, OH Lawyer with 32 years of experience
(216) 902-5002
600 Superior Avenue East
Suite 1300
Cleveland, OH 44114
Free ConsultationConsumer and Employment
The University of Toledo College of Law
We represent the rights of consumers in all forms of consumer rights litigation, including lemon law, breach of warranty, debt collection violations, credit reporting issues, unauthorized robocalls and telemarketing calls, consumer fraud and related issues. We also handle employment litigation, including wage and hour cases, overtime pay issues, wrongful termination, discrimination and sexual harassment. Many of the firm's cases are brought as class actions and we handle personal injury cases as well.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Jon Ginter
Cleveland, OH Attorney with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
I am an experienced professional bankruptcy attorney in Cleveland and Westlake, Ohio. I focus on consumer bankruptcy and small business bankruptcy, with an emphasis on putting my clients first.
Since finishing law school in 2004, I've represented over 2,000 people in Cleveland bankruptcy cases. I'm passionate about practicing law, giving fair representation, and helping people to get a fresh start.
I understand the complexity of all forms of bankruptcy law and I'm not afraid to dig in and look at all the provisions to find out the best way for my clients to benefit. I'll find all the provisions that...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Shannon G. Thatcher
Mansfield, OH Attorney with 15 years of experience
Business
Capital University
Attorney Shannon G. Thatcher is licensed to practice law in the State of Ohio and the Northern District Court of Ohio. Her practice focuses on family and domestic law and estate planning. She is a member the Ohio State Bar Association, the Richland Bar Association, and the American Bar Association. Attorney Thatcher is based out of Mansfield, Ohio.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
Kelly A Rochotte
Cleveland, OH Attorney with 1 year of experience
Free ConsultationEmployment and Real Estate
University of Toledo College of Law
Kelly Rochotte is an employment and housing practitioner in Cleveland, Ohio. She focuses on assisting clients in navigating the judicial system with strength, diligence, and compassion.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Mark F. Craig
Sheffield Village, OH Attorney with 22 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
University of Akron School of Law
Law practice representing primarily business entities and small business owners (dba's, sole proprietors, subcontractors). Legal solutions to problems involving business disputes, construction matters, real estate title issues, contract disputes, payment issues, liens, collections and litigation. Personal attention and timely communications, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way with your legal matter.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Ben Cooper
Columbus, OH Attorney with 13 years of experience
Appeals and Business
University of Virginia School of Law
Ben Cooper helps people use the law to deal with life-changing harms. His practice focuses on wrongful death, civil rights, medical malpractice, legal malpractice, and business cases.
Ben is known as a thorough, well-prepared trial lawyer who aggressively and ethically pursues his clients' cases. He is also a skilled appellate advocate. Ben strongly believes in holding powerful companies, people, and governments accountable, and he works hard to help his clients find meaning through their cases.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Jeffrey C. Pettys
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationImmigration
Capital University Law School
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Jeffrey C. Pettys grew up in Ohio. Mr. Pettys attended The Ohio State University and received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. Mr. Pettys met his wife, Pilar Cusi, while attending college. Upon graduation, Mr. Pettys worked as a Commercial Banker in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While in Pittsburgh, he and his wife decided to marry after a long courtship and decided to travel to Cebu Ciy, Philippines to be married. After returning to the United States, Mr. Pettys made plans to attend law school at Capital University Law School in Columbus, Ohio. He graduated from Law...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Bradley Dennis Keating
Gahanna, OH Attorney with 21 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Capital University Law School
At The Keating Firm LTD, we focus solely on personal injury cases. Our attorney, Brad Keating, has spent the past decade helping Ohio clients who have been injured due to the negligence of others. When you call our law firm, you will immediately recognize the level of commitment that we take toward your claims. You will speak directly with Brad, and he will explain the options that are available to you to help you recover compensation.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Andrew Richard Biller
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 20 years of experience
(614) 604-8759
Easton Town Center
4200 Regent Street, Suite 200
Columbus, OH 43219
Employment
University of Pittsburgh School of Law
Andrew Biller's law practice focuses on wage and hour litigation. Mr. Biller has experience with a variety of wage disputes including overtime exempt/nonexempt misclassification, illegal tip pools, improper paycheck deductions, unpaid minimum wage and overtime, and unpaid off-the-clock work. Mr. Biller handles both individual wage and hour claims as well as representative (collective and class) actions to collect wages on behalf of groups of workers. Mr. Biller was selected as a 2015 - 2020 Ohio Super Lawyers "Rising Star" and Columbus CEO magazine's list of "Top Lawyers" for 2015. Mr. Biller has been at the forefront of litigating...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Timothy J Cook
Worthington, OH Attorney with 9 years of experience
(614) 763-5111
438 E Wilson Bridge Road
Ste. 200
Worthington, OH 43085
Free ConsultationBusiness, Consumer and Real Estate
Capital University Law School
Timothy J. Cook is an experienced and accomplished consumer, foreclosure defense, and civil litigation lawyer. Timothy prides himself on representing individuals who want to hold mortgage servicers, banks , and big businesses accountable for their actions. It may seem that many companies are too big to care about the individual consumer and that is why getting an experienced consumer and foreclosure defense attorney is important.
Timothy is committed to thoroughly investigating and preparing each case in order to meet the needs and objectives of his clients. This includes taking the bank, mortgage servicers, or other parties to trial if needed. Not...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Lee Thompson
Lancaster, OH Lawyer with 41 years of experience
Workers' Comp
University of Akron
Since 1983 I have been assisting people with legal matters both in and out of court. Whether it is a social security or workers’ compensation claim, a question regarding adoption, a divorce or dissolution, land contract, Will, personal injury claim, or other matters, I can help. Whether you are seeking an attorney for a one-time case or to assist you in other areas, sometimes over a period of years, you will be sharing information with me about your life. The information you give me is confidential and is vital to me in order to give you proper legal advice. Therefore,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Robert L Caplan
Columbus, OH Attorney with 30 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Capital University Law School
I help been helping people and families in the Columbus Ohio and surrounding areas for more than 23 years. I will personally handle your case from start to finish, explaining each step of the process so you know what to expect. You deserve quality representation at a fair price. Why pay more than you should?
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Kathryn Sarah Wallrabenstein
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 10 years of experience
(614) 220-0238
41 South High Street
Suite 1800
Columbus, OH 43215-4216
White Collar Crime
The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law
I represent individual and entities who are either under investigation, or being prosecuted, for criminal offenses. I handle a wide range of cases in both federal and state courts. I have jury trial experience in federal and state courts and have also argued appellate matters.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Christopher Junga
Dublin, OH Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
University of Toledo College of Law
Attorney Christopher Junga has always had a passion for public service. Between private practice and his work with various Public Defender Offices in Ohio, he brings over 23 years of criminal defense experience to Luftman, Heck & Associates. With his wealth of legal knowledge and nearly 100 jury trials across the state, Chris is a resource for clients and a zealous advocate for those facing life-changing circumstances.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Beverly Joy Farlow
Dublin, OH Lawyer with 40 years of experience
Employment
The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law
Beverly J. Farlow is the founding and principal attorney of Farlow & Associates. Since 1985, she and her skilled team of attorneys in Dublin have been protecting the rights of their clients. Their decades of in-depth legal experience has equipped them with the tools and knowledge they need to fight for you. Whether you are going through a divorce, need legal assistance as a school employee, or have been accused of a crime, they can handle all that and more. They are exceedingly proficient in a vast range of practice areas and have a long track record of success that...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Adam Lee Nemann
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and White Collar Crime
Capital University Law School
Adam Lee Nemann grew up in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and moved to Ohio to pursue his education. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati, with an enthusiasm for law and public speaking, he attended Capital University Law School. It was during law school that Nemann thrust himself into the world of trial advocacy. By day, he worked in a prominent criminal defense firm preparing to defend the accused, by night, he attended law school and volunteered for mock trial and trial advocacy clinics. Nemann obtained a limited license to practice law while an intern, representing his own...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
John Marshall
Columbus, OH Attorney with 41 years of experience
Free ConsultationEmployment
The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law
John Marshall received his B.A., Denison University; J.D., The Ohio State University College of Law. Since he began his practice in 1983, Mr. Marshall has devoted his career to representing individuals in employment and civil rights litigation, including discrimination, retaliation, wrongful discharge, sexual harassment, and employment contracts. He has also litigated police misconduct and First Amendment cases.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Ryan Shafer
Columbus, OH Lawyer with 18 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Duquesne University School of Law
Ryan Shafer is a skilled and experienced criminal defense attorney who defends the rights of those facing criminal charges in Central Ohio. Shafer is an attorney at Joslyn Law Firm in Dayton, Ohio. There he handles a variety of cases, including DUI, drug crimes, violent crimes and white collar offenses. Shafer studied business and minored in political science at the University of Cincinnati, where he graduated Cum Laude in 2002. He earned his Juris Doctor at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh in 2006 and became licensed to practice law in Ohio the following year. Shafer began his...