Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Travis I. Dafoe
Frankenmuth, MI Attorney with 15 years of experience
Appeals, Business, Employment and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
I enjoy the interaction with people where I can explain something that may seem complex in a way that helps them understand. As a former teacher, I do enjoy those ah-ha moments where things click. I enjoy talking with clients and getting to know them and their situation, so that I can find the best possible solutions for their needs. I believe that effective estate planning is a critical component of my client’s life planning.
I believe that family fights over inheritance are unnecessary and wasteful. Families achieve better outcomes through planning rather than fighting. While it is...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Keeley D Heath
Greenville, MI Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Appeals, Business and White Collar Crime
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Keeley Blanchard is a top criminal defense attorney in Michigan. She focuses her practice in the areas of defending those wrongfully accused of criminal sexual conduct, child abuse, domestic violence, assault, child pornography, and drug crimes. Her trial experience is significant, she has an excellent reputation for being aggressive, and will out-prepare any of the prosecutors she faces in court.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Charles R. Frazier
Midland, MI Lawyer with 17 years of experience
Business and Tax
University of Alabama School of Law and University of Tennessee College of Law
Mr. Frazier is a highly skilled attorney licensed to practice law in Tennessee, Michigan, and Texas. At Frazier Law, a tax resolution and estate planning firm, we are dedicated to providing effective representation and counsel. We aim to simplify the complex rules surrounding death and taxes, eliminating fear, anxiety, and confusion. We help clients understand their estate planning or tax concerns and guide them to solutions and peace of mind.
We empower clients with knowledge and clarity, relieving tax debt without exploiting their fears. Our commitment to honesty and professionalism ensures we deliver on our promises with clear communication, providing peace...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Kent Wood II
Lansing, MI Attorney with 18 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School and Michigan State University
My mission is to assist clients in making informed and educated decisions with no false representation, and to provide realistic expectations for their outcomes. Over the course of the last several years, I have represented thousands of clients, handled multi-million dollar trusts, and provided pro-bono work for select local residents in need.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Liisa R. Speaker
Lansing, MI Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals
University of Texas - Austin
Since graduating from The University of Texas School of Law, one of the nation’s top law schools, Liisa Speaker has become well known for her excellent written and oral advocacy. Her appellate skills have helped clients obtain victories in appeals ranging from custody disputes to no-fault automobile insurance litigation to real property case and to probate appeals.
Liisa Speaker is an attorney who practices exclusively in the field of appeals, she opened Speaker Law Firm in 2007. She has focused her appellate practice on family law, adoption, and child welfare cases. Liisa has represented clients in the Michigan Court of Appeals...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Aaron S. Coltrane
Saginaw, MI Lawyer with 11 years of experience
(989) 275-4365
803 N. Michigan Ave.
Located in the Shek Law Building
Saginaw, MI 48602
Bankruptcy and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
I am a dedicated Attorney serving the great state of Michigan from Lansing to Traverse City, and all surrounding areas. I have a strong belief in our rights of life, liberty and freedom, as citizens of this great country, and I will do everything within my power to prevent my client's rights from being abridged. I specialize in the areas of Criminal Defense, Family Law, Personal Injury, No Fault, and civil litigation, but I devote myself to helping anyone in need, no matter the legal significance. I pride myself on providing personalized services and obtaining the best...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
John Melton
Saginaw, MI Attorney with 28 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Michigan State University
FREE TELEPHONE AND VIDEO CONSULTATIONS VIA ZOOM.
John E. Melton is a criminal defense attorney who has successfully defended people charged with a variety of crimes in courts all over the State of Michigan. This includes: -Sexual Criminal Conduct -Drug Crimes -Violent Crimes -Drunk Driving -White Collar Crimes -Domestic Violence -Armed Robbery -Breaking and Entering -and many more. Our offices are in Sandusky and Saginaw. We regularly practice in Flint, Saginaw, Bay City, The Thumb, Midland, Port Huron and surrounding areas and all of Southeast Michigan. We know the judges in these areas. We...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Beverly Herson
Grand Ledge, MI Attorney with 4 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School and Frostburg State University
Mrs. Herson is a 2013 graduate of Western Michigan University Thomas M. Cooley Law School. During her tenure at Cooley, she was a student attorney in the Sixty Plus Clinic performing over 270 hours of Pro bono service in Estate Planning. She is a current Board member for the Sixty Plus Clinic and continues to advocate for protecting our elderly.
In addition to zealously advocating for her clients, Mrs. Herson is an adjunct law and MBA professor for several universities and has co-authored a nonprofit law book.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kent Bieberich
Battle Creek, MI Lawyer with 36 years of experience
Free ConsultationCollege of William and Mary
The best part of being a lawyer is helping others with their legal issues. I don’t pay for TV advertisements or premium on-line placements. Instead, I do the best I can at a fair price for my valuable clients who in turn pay me the ultimate compliment by referring me to others who may need legal services. Here are a few things I ask you to consider.
- I deal directly with my clients. I do not pass you on to a junior associate; I do the actual work, which I continue to find interesting and rewarding.
-I work...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Wesley Todd
Coldwater, MI Lawyer with 13 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Michigan State University College of Law
Wesley Todd is an attorney of the firm Lewis Reed and Allen.
He has been named a super lawyer for the past 6 years, and has more than a decade of experience.
He practices criminal law and family law in Calhoun County, Kalamazoo County and Branch County. He has successfully helped hundreds of clients during some of the most difficult times of their lives, with everything from a OWI/DUI charge to Divorce.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Joshua Blanchard
Greenville, MI Lawyer with 16 years of experience
Free ConsultationAdministrative, Appeals, Immigration and White Collar Crime
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Joshua Blanchard is a trial lawyer who holds a BBA in Accounting from Northwood University and a Juris Doctor from Thomas M. Cooley Law School. He operated a solo law practice representing clients in criminal trial matters throughout the state of Michigan. He has tried a number of jury trials to verdict and has obtained “not guilty” verdicts for his clients in both bench and jury trials. Mr. Blanchard is admitted to practice in Michigan state courts as well as in Federal Court for the Eastern and Western districts of Michigan. Mr. Blanchard represents people in need...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Scot C. Putzig
Saginaw, MI Attorney with 11 years of experience
Business, Employment, Real Estate and Trademarks
University of Notre Dame
Scot focuses on business law, real estate development, employment law, estate planning, probate, and commercial litigation. He received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan and his J.D., with cum laude honors, from the Notre Dame Law School. While at Notre Dame, Scot was an editor with the Journal of Legislation and clerked for the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in Flint, MI, and the Michigan Supreme Court in Lansing, MI. After graduating from Notre Dame Law School, Scot clerked with the Michigan Court of Appeals in Grand Rapids, MI. In January of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael J. Cronkright
Lansing, MI Lawyer with 30 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
I am Michael Cronkright, the owner and founder of Cronkright Law, PLLC. I represent parents, daycare workers, foster parents and other license holders against false allegations. Because of that, I practice criminal defense, family law, CPS defense and administrative law. I hold firmly to the belief that every parent, every criminal defendant and every person accused or suspected of misconduct deserves the best possible defense. Our legal system seems to be trending toward treating the accused poorly and lowering the quality of defense. Unfortunately, many clients are represented poorly by attorneys who don’t give them the time and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Nicholas Leydorf
Lansing, MI Attorney with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law
Nicholas Leydorf is a graduate of Michigan State University and The Catholic University of America: Columbus School of Law. Nicholas has extensive experience in all types of criminal defense cases, including high profile criminal cases. He enjoys spending time with his family and has previously served the East Lansing Rotary Club as a board member.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Christopher G Fleming
Blissfield, MI Attorney
Real Estate
Southern Illinois University - Carbondale
Mr. Fleming obtained his Juris Doctor from Southern Illinois University School of Law. Upon his admission to SIU School of Law, Mr. Fleming was granted the Dean's Scholarship, which he was able to retain for the full three years of law school. While in Law School, Mr. Fleming had the distinction of interning with the Missouri State Public Defenders office for both summers of law school. Mr. Fleming additionally holds a B.B.A. from Eastern Michigan University in Management. In his spare time, Mr. Fleming likes to volunteer within the community and play adult-league hockey.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Tiffany DeBruin
East Lansing, MI Lawyer with 18 years of experience
Free ConsultationWhite Collar Crime
Capital University Law School
Tiffany L. DeBruin is an experienced Lansing criminal defense attorney who has represented clients on charges ranging from assault and domestic violence to minor traffic infractions. Each day she helps people who have wrongfully been accused of crimes or who have made a simple mistake. Tiffany strives to fight the charges her clients face and protect their rights.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Nicholas A. Kipa
Lansing, MI Lawyer with 10 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Michigan State University College of Law
I received both my Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees from Michigan State University. I then earned my Juris Doctor from Michigan State University College of Law in 2014, where I worked as an editor for the Animal and Natural Resource Law Review. During law school, I served 3 terms on the Board of Directors of The State News as both Secretary and Treasurer of the Board.
My dedication to civil and community service during this time also led to being appointed by the East Lansing City Council to the City’s Zoning Board of Appeals, where I held public...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Julie Gafkay
Frankenmuth, MI Lawyer with 29 years of experience
Julie A. Gafkay graduated from Michigan State University in 1992 with a dual major in criminal justice and political theory. She graduated from Whittier Law School in 1995 with honors. Her first position was in Flint, Michigan focusing on civil rights and employment discrimination. In 2003, Attorney Gafkay opened her own statewide practice in Frankenmuth, Michigan. The practice's attorneys provide a general practice to the local area providing legal services in Wills, Trusts, Estate Planning, Elder Law, Business Planning, contract review, landlord/tenant issues, real estate, employment issues and other general practice areas. Attorney Gafkay has...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Robert Shelton
Saginaw, MI Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Robert graduated from Western Michigan's Thomas M. Cooley Law School Cum Laude in 2016. He has devoted his practice to personal bankruptcy since then.
We help people get control of their financial life with free case evaluations, free consultations, and easy payment plans.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Michael Wooley
Midland, MI Attorney
Immigration
University of Michigan Law School
Michael Wooley has 23 years of experience in employment-based immigration and his practice focuses solely on immigration. Mike specializes in working with C-level corporate officers and general counsels to formulate long-term immigration plans and short-term solutions for U.S. and international companies. Mike regularly speaks on immigration topics to various professional organizations and enjoys training clients’ HR teams. His expertise encompasses non-immigrant and immigrant business visas, including PERM filings and National Interest Waivers. Mike has exceptional success defending USDOL PERM audits and interfacing with immigration-related federal agencies. He has successfully represented clients in immigration appeals and immigration court. He also assists...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Ashley Siegel
Battle Creek, MI Attorney with 9 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
I joined McCroskey Law in 2025, bringing with me nearly a decade of experience in advocating for clients from various backgrounds.
After graduating with honors, cum laude, from Western Michigan University’s Thomas M. Cooley Law School, and gaining admittance to the Michigan State Bar in 2016, I ran my own practice, The Law Office of Ashley Siegel, PLLC, until my transition to McCroskey Law.
Throughout my career, I have developed a strong reputation in several areas of law including criminal defense, family law, landlord and tenant issues, neglect and abuse cases, and appellate matters. My efforts have resulted in acquittals, dismissals, favorable...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
James T. Haadsma
Battle Creek, MI Attorney with 41 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Wayne State University Law School
James T. Haadsma has practiced with the McCroskey Law since August, 1987. He specializes in representing injured workers in workers’ disability compensation disputes before the Michigan Workers’ Compensation Agency, and in representing injured workers before the Social Security Administration’s Office of Disability Adjudication and Review. Mr. Haadsma also occasionally represents a partially disabled employee in controversies with employers under the Americans with Disabilities Act/Michigan Persons with Disabilities Civil Rights Act. He represents clients from Washtenaw to Berrien Counties, but predominantly in Calhoun County.
Before joining the McCroskey firm in August, 1987, Mr. Haadsma practiced with the Muskegon office of Legal Aid...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kathryn L. Bolinger
Ithaca, MI Attorney with 14 years of experience
Insurance Claims
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Kathryn attended Central Michigan University and graduated with a B.S., majoring in Business Administration and minoring in Legal Studies. After graduating from CMU, Kathryn attended Thomas M. Cooley Law School and graduated cum laude with a concentration in Litigation. While at Cooley, Kathryn was awarded multiple certificates of merit for her academic performance. Kathryn focuses her practice on Criminal Defense and Family Law and Estate Planning. Ms. Bolinger is knowledgeable in all areas of divorce, property settlement, and alimony. Ms. Bolinger also handles all issues relating to child custody, parenting time, child support, adoptions, and grandparent's...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Lesley Hoenig
Mount Pleasant, MI Attorney with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Real Estate
Northern Illinois University College of Law
I am an attorney licensed to practice in Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota. I primarily practice in bankruptcy, foreclosure, real estate, estate planning and probate.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gavin McClintic
Mt Pleasant, MI Attorney with 18 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
Michigan State University
We are a full service law firm. You can depend on us to look out for every aspect of your legal needs - business or personal, and at any stage of your life. McClintic Law Firm has been practicing law since 1913 in Isabella County and the entire state of Michigan. We provide full legal service to the community today. We are happy to serve the Mt. Pleasant area, Isabella county, Gratiot county, Clare County, Midland County, Mecosta County, and beyond. Our firm is well versed and experienced in all areas of the law, including business law, criminal law, real...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
W. Jay Brown
Midland, MI Attorney with 26 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Originally a teacher, W. Jay Brown became a lawyer in 1998 and has been in practice in the Great Lakes Bay Region ever since. Mr. Brown graduated first in his law school class and joined Midland’s largest law firm as a litigation associate. While with the firm, Mr. Brown embarked on his litigation career and was soon promoted to member of the firm. In 2009, W. Jay Brown left the law firm to start his own practice based on his vision for the practice of law – where technology and innovation are leveraged to provide clients superior customer and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rebecca L. Johnson-Ellis
Lansing, MI Attorney with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Consumer
Michigan State University
Rebecca L. Johnson-Ellis , a partner in the firm, has been an attorney for the past 14 years and us board certified in Consumer Bankruptcy Law from the American Board of Certification. Rebecca received both her law school degree and her undergraduate degree from Michigan State University. Rebecca is admitted to practice in the courts of Michigan, the Western District of Michigan Federal Courts and the U.S. Supreme Court. Rebecca has been recognized by her peers in the Michigan Super Lawyers Magazine as a Rising Star several years in a row. Rebecca has helped thousands of individuals through the...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg Search
Michael J Shovan
Saginaw, MI Attorney with 35 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Business
Michigan State University
I graduated from the Detroit College of Law (MSU) in 1990 and was licensed by the State Bar of Michigan that same year. I graduated with honors with a concentration in taxation and was a published author in the nationally esteemed Detroit College Law Review. My practice is devoted exclusively to asset protection, consumer bankruptcy and student loan assistance. My unique approach to clients enables them to actively participate in the process so that you are completely involved in the process and understand exactly what your options are and what option is best for you and your family. ...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
John Deku
Lambertville, MI Lawyer with 32 years of experience
Bankruptcy, Business and Real Estate
The University of Toledo College of Law
At the Law Office of John V. Deku, PLC, I provide my clients with personal and dedicated attention directly from the attorney who will handle their case. I take the time to walk you through all of the steps of your case, give you advice about all of your legal options and make sure that any questions you have are adequately answered. Your best interests are the driving force behind my representation of you. If I am unable to provide you the representation your situation needs I will help find you a competent attorney who can.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Peter C Brown
East Lansing, MI Lawyer
Business, Insurance Defense and Real Estate
Michigan State University College of Law and Western Michigan University
Peter Brown concentrates his practice on litigation, real estate, and business law. He regularly represents individuals, businesses, lenders, and insurance companies in a wide range of civil litigation and transactional matters.
As a seasoned, trial-tested litigator, Pete is recognized as one of Michigan’s leading trial attorneys. He has successfully handled complex, high-stakes cases in both state and federal courts, having litigated in more than 40 state circuit courts across Michigan. His litigation experience includes real estate disputes, commercial litigation, insurance defense, creditors’ rights, and probate litigation. He is also an experienced appellate advocate, frequently appearing before the Michigan Court of Appeals.
Pete...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jacob A. Perrone
East Lansing, MI Attorney with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Jacob A. Perrone has represented hundreds of clients throughout the State of Michigan. He has represented clients in cases including, but not limited to: class action litigation, high profile criminal trials, complex civil litigation, international business transactions, and contentious divorce and child custody proceedings. His reputation for being an aggressive attorney is supported by the results he has achieved for his clients. He was an associate of the Ambrose Law Group in the Detroit area before forming Perrone Law, P.C. in December 2009. Ambrose focused on Criminal Defense, Bankruptcy, Civil Litigation, and Family Law. He uses the principles of psychodrama...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Francis X. Hathaway
East Lansing, MI Lawyer with 24 years of experience
Bankruptcy
Michigan State University
Frank Hathaway studied at the University of Detroit-Mercy graduating with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. He studied law at Michigan State University College of Law graduating with the degree of Juris Doctor, Cum Laude. Mr. Hathaway is admitted to practice in all Michigan Courts, the United States Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of Michigan, and the United States Bankruptcy Courts for the Eastern and Western Districts of Michigan. He is an active member in good standing with the State Bar of Michigan, a former member of its Representative Assembly, a member of the Criminal Law...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Christopher James Topa JD, MBA, MPA
East Lansing, MI Attorney with 18 years of experience
Business and Tax
Wayne State University Law School and Ave Maria School of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Matthew P. Mundrick
Temperance, MI Lawyer with 10 years of experience
Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Matthew P. Mundrick is a licensed attorney in Ohio and Michigan, and he maintains general practice providing legal services to both Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan. Specifically, Matt would love to assist you in matters related to: probate court (including guardianship, estate planning, wills, trusts, and special needs trusts), family law (including divorce, dissolution, custody, and child support), property law (including real estate sales/closing, easements, and landlord/tenant), and criminal law (specifically limited to misdemeanors, and moving violations or DWI/DUI). He primarily practices in Toledo, Ohio (including the surrounding suburbs), and Monroe, Michigan. His compassionate approach to the legal system...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Melissa K. Allen
Dewitt, MI Lawyer with 30 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
Cooley Law School
Melissa K. Allen has served the Greater Lansing area since 1995, offering compassionate and professional estate planning services. A University of Michigan and then Thomas M. Cooley Law School graduate, she earned multiple honors, including Cum Laude distinction and top 7% of her class. Ms. Allen has been recognized with the "People's Choice Award for Favorite Attorney" seven times and frequently speaks on estate planning. Her approachable manner and expertise simplify complex issues, such as second marriages and beneficiaries with disabilities, making the process easy and rewarding for her clients.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jeffrey Mapes
Lansing, MI Lawyer with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy
Michigan State University
Jeffrey’s experience and expertise in consumer bankruptcy – specifically chapters 7 and 13 – makes all the difference. “Our firm has shown time and time again that our dedication to the client does not end when their case does. Our job isn’t done until we have done everything possible to help clients lead a financially successful life,” he explains. “I love seeing my clients, but I know I am most successful if I never need to see them again. If my clients exit bankruptcy with a better understanding of their finances, what mistakes they made, and how they can avoid...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Darrell Zolton
Frankenmuth, MI Lawyer with 33 years of experience
Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Sharon Burgess
Frankenmuth, MI Attorney with 24 years of experience
Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School and Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
I reside in Frankenmuth, Michigan, and practice in my Frankenmuth office. I specialize in Elder Law, Estate Planning, Probate and Estate Administration, Business Organizations, Real Estate Law, and I am VA certified. I am a frequent speaker and seminar presenter on estate planning and elder law. My practice in the field of elder law covers Medicaid qualification, estate planning, Guardianship, Conservatorships, and Veterans benefits.
I am a member of the Frankenmuth Morning Rotary. I am an active member and have served on the Board of Directors for the Northeastern Michigan Estate Planning Council and the Covenant Health Care Foundation....
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Joshua M. Reinert
Saginaw, MI Lawyer with 21 years of experience
Bankruptcy
Michigan State University College of Law
Joshua Reinert received his Juris Doctorate from Michigan State University College of Law on May 6, 2003. Josh also holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Michigan State University.
Josh has dedicated his professional life to bankruptcy law. He has assisted thousands of consumers in Chapter 7 & Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases in addition to assisting many small business through Chapter 7 liquidations. Josh has represented debtors, creditors and bankruptcy trustees in all aspects of bankruptcy cases.
Josh has been a guest lecturer for Legal Services of Michigan, the International Credit Association (ICA), and the Northeast Michigan Bankruptcy Bar in addition to...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Brendan Sanger
Litchfield, MI Attorney with 29 years of experience
Free ConsultationAdministrative, Consumer and Real Estate
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Attorney Brendan Sanger is a highly respected legal advocate known for his relentless dedication to protecting his clients' rights. With a robust career spanning over 28 years of criminal defense, family law, and Truck Car accident litigation, Brendan has built a reputation for his strategic insight and uncompromising commitment to justice.
Throughout his career, Brendan has successfully navigated complex criminal cases, provided sensitive guidance through divorce proceedings, and secured favorable outcomes in truck and car accident litigation. His expertise also extends to defending clients against CMV Truck Traffic ticket violations, where his thorough understanding of regulatory CSA Scores and intricacies and...